A B S T R A C TFor choosing suitable place multiple methods are introduced, which examine the qualities, methods and patterns of location selection. The current methods use global approach and do not pay attention to Spatial differences, environmental variation in variables, local Changes modeled by local weighting indicators. It has been selected as a case study to evaluate the EMS center of Fars province and to evaluate the indicators of distance from the power plant, distance from logistics centers, industries, transportation terminals, hospitals, hotels and tourism, cities, rural areas and custom centers. has been used, using the AHP method to weight the qualities, and then for local weights, non-overlapping neighborhood filtering within a radius of 25 km are used and calculate the corresponding Changes, quantity, ratio Presented in this article, the obtained weights, then the compute local weighted layers, and then local weight was multiplied in the normalized layers and the final layer were obtained. In the next step, it was combined and calculated to compare the data using the global method. The results of the two methods were transferred to the points of the EMS and the results were analyzedExtended AbstractIntroductionIn geographical studies and Spatial planning, there are different approaches to choosing the right place for all kinds of applications and uses, and a process is followed to choose the best places. This process includes stating the research problem (cognition), choosing the criteria and preferences of decision makers and how to determine the weight of indicators, combining criteria (design) and finally, choosing the best option. In the current methods of Spatial decision, the criteria are given a fixed weight, while in geographical locations, the distribution of geographical phenomena is not uniform. In this case, attention should be paid to the Spatial distribution pattern of geographical phenomena based on the principle of sensitivity of the range of Changes, the size of the range of Changes affects the outputs, and the data with a smaller range of Changes also have a lesser effect on the output. The data with a larger range of Changes will have a more significant effect on the output. Therefore, in Spatial analysis, indicators that have small Changes are less important. Local models have been presented to model local Changes in Spatial multi-criteria decision-making; in this research, the main issue is how to model the local Changes that affect the expected outputs. MethodologyThe research process is based on multi-criteria Spatial decision-making methods (national and local). First, Spatial patterns of indicators were analyzed through exploratory analyzes of ESDA Spatial data. Then based on the review of the research criteria, the direct weighting method was used to calculate the weight of the indicators, and the experts were asked to specify the weight of the criteria in the range of 1 to 10. The opinions were combined, and the final weight was obtained. First, the data were Spatially modelled to model and calculate the local weights. Then Block Statistics Spatial filter without overlap was used to determine the neighborhood. The range of local Changes, maximum and minimum values, were calculated, and local weights were obtained based on that. Finally, the information layers were descaled. After that, the unscaled criterion layers were multiplied by the national weights and the final national scores were obtained. In the next step, the data of the evaluated information layers (local and national) were transferred to the points of emergency databases. Based on the analysis, the fit was done. Results and discussionGeneral or global weights pay attention to the relative importance of indicators, which is the starting point for calculating local weights. Based on the research results, the most critical indicators are industries, cities and hospitals, which are more important in the location of road emergency stations. However, in order to achieve better results, it is necessary to build a local weight layer. The results of the research show that the indicators' weight and the difference in the criteria (general weight) are not equal in the entire geographical area, and the areas with a larger range of Changes have a higher coefficient.Because, unlike general weights that are obtained based on different methods, local weights are estimated based on the principle of sensitivity of the range of Changes and are changed Spatially, and a fixed value is not considered for all areas. According to the research findings, the highest level in the general and local evaluation method corresponds to 0.5 to 0.7. Based on the local (geographic) weight method, it is less than the national or general method in the range of 0.9 to 1. Furthermore, this is due to the more precise nature of this method, which models the effects of local Changes. To evaluate the compliance of the emergency centers with the final maps of suitability assessment, the information on the suitability maps was transferred to the map of the emergency center points of Fars province. Based on the evaluation of 207 emergency stations, according to the general method, 14 percent are in the high group (0.9-1), and according to the local or geographical method (16.9), percent are in this group. ConclusionAt the level of space and geographical regions, phenomena and geographical complications are not uniformly distributed, some phenomena have a homogeneous distribution, and some have a heterogeneous distribution. On the one hand, the phenomena and decision issues are affected by the context in which they are formed and evolve; on the other hand, these phenomena are placed in the network of mutual relations. Furthermore, the results of the set of phenomena may differ from the results of the phenomena individually and separately; in this article, an attempt has been made to address the issue that in Spatial analysis and planning, it is necessary to pay attention to geographical differences in decision-making. Furthermore, it should not be evaluated in general terms of Spatial decision problems; one of the methods of modelling these differences and Spatial Changes is to consider the local weight of the criteria. Based on the research findings, local (geographical) and national analysis results are different and can better show these Changes. On the other hand, the pattern of Spatial differences also has its Spatial pattern, and paying attention to these differences in Spatial differences can be the subject of further studies. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

AbstractThis research investigated the specific patterns of dust influx into the metropolis of Tehran from 2005 to 2017. The study utilized the data on dust occurrence days and synoptic station data in Tehran. The research methodology involved employing the HYSPLIT trajectory model, as well as dust detection indices, and determining the chemical properties of dust, including main and rare elements, by using the X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) method. The findings indicated that the primary source of dust entering Tehran originated from desert regions and vast, arid areas outside the country. External sources of dust, such as the North Arabian Sahara and the East African Sahara, have been active since ancient times and are not solely related to modern dust occurrences. The cause of their impact on Tehran could be attributed to the desiccation of internal lagoons and lakes. The Changes in the frequency of fine-dust trajectories could not be solely explained by their connection with external sources. Instead, it appeared that the micro-particle movement system was striving to establish a deeper order, which was not solely influenced by Changes in the origin and destination of the particles. Rather, the entry of fine particles into this movement system had undergone Changes during their movement within the system.Keywords: Dust, Tehran, Chaos, HYSPLIT IntroductionThe shifting distribution of dust in various regions around the world has led to the presence of dust in major cities during certain seasons. Tehran has been particularly affected by this phenomenon from its onset. Despite the fact that numerous research efforts have aimed at understanding the origins of this phenomenon, the Spatial patterns of its Changes remain a topic of ongoing investigation. This study sought to elucidate the Spatial dynamics of dust influx into Tehran by using a Spatial epistemology approach. Analysis of MODIS images and their correlation with climate models was conducted for the period spanning 2005 to 2020. Preliminary findings indicated that the dust phenomenon adhered to specific patterns and pathways, from its initial emergence at focal points to its eventual arrival in the city of Tehran. Materials & MethodsTehran, the capital and one of the largest cities in the world, is situated on the southern slope of the Alborz highlands near the major permanent water networks of the region, namely the rivers of Karaj to the west and Jajrud to the east. The city grapples with various environmental challenges, including the issue of fine dust. Investigation into the trajectory of fine dust movement has revealed that the presence of features, such as playas, lakes, dried-up wetlands, old alluvial terraces, and sand mines significantly influences the arrival of fine dust in the area of Tehran. These particles are exceedingly small.Given the frequent occurrences of dust particles between 2000 and 2015 and availability of local data archives, the period from 2005 to 2017 was chosen for this study. Data collection was conducted in Tehran and its synoptic stations. Analysis of long-term wind-rose data from the indicator stations revealed that the prevailing wind direction in Tehran Province was predominantly from the west and south in most months. To identify regional dust sources, wind speed and direction maps were utilized and the HYSPLIT trajectory model was employed to track their paths. The HYSPLIT model in conjunction with atmospheric maps and satellite images was used to enhance the validity of the research findings for all dust events.Detection indices for fine dust, including the Brightness Temperature Difference (BTD) index, dust index method, and Miller's method, were utilized. Additionally, the X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) method was employed to determine the chemical compositions of dust, including major and rare elements, in the samples collected from specific areas. The results obtained from climate modeling and MODIS image processing facilitated the identification of key areas influencing the movement patterns of fine dust toward Tehran. These areas predominantly corresponded to end basins (playas, lakes, lagoons) of old alluvial terraces and desert plains. Research FindingsThrough the analysis of MODIS images and their correlation with climate models spanning the years 2005 to 2020, it was established that the phenomenon of dust followed specific patterns and pathways from its origin at focal points to its arrival in Tehran. This pattern predominantly occurred in July with its initial flow originating from the northeast of Syria. Another pattern occurring in late winter and early spring originated from the Arabian Desert. Patterns with a more west-east axis corresponding to westerly currents originating from the deserts of northern Arabia predominantly occurred in the warm months of the year. Additionally, dust concentration nuclei might have been formed in East Africa and over Saudi Arabia, subsequently moving to Iraq and Iran. The primary source of dust entering Tehran was located in desert and arid expanses outside the country.Many of the external sources of dust, such as the North Arabian Sahara and the East African Sahara, are not new phenomena and have been active since ancient times, never previously extending into Iran's interior regions like Tehran. The current spread of this dynamic phenomenon is being investigated with its cause being attributed to drying of wetlands and internal lakes. The areas under scrutiny in this study included sand exploitation levels and sand mines in Tehran, Alikhan Dam, Hoze Soltan Lake, Mighan, and the desert lands around Qazvin Plain.Geochemical tests confirmed the similarity in elemental composition between the area and the dust collected in Tehran. The resemblance in chemical compositions of the elements sampled from mine surfaces and those collected with the MDCO sediment trap suggested that a significant portion of silicon dioxide (SiO2) found in the chemical compositions of dust in Tehran was likely sourced from the sand and sand mines of Tehran. This was because all dust-carrying streams passed over these mines, indicating the potential role of these mines in the elemental composition and deposition of dust in Tehran. MODIS images indicated the formation of dust condensation cores on the surfaces of Hoze Soltan and Mighan lakes, which had the potential to intensify dust flows. A comparison of the average compositions of Hoze Soltan, Mighan, and Tehran lakes revealed the presence of potassium and sodium compounds, as well as chlorine, similar to the samples from these lakes, suggesting that some of the elements of sodium, chlorine, and potassium entering Tehran might have been collected while passing through the fine-grained and separated lands around these lakes. Furthermore, the observations related to the geochemical sediment compositions of samples collected in Tehran using sediment traps compared to those collected in Qazvin Plain showed the significant presence of chlorine, potassium, and silicon among the elements. Discussion of Results & ConclusionThe research findings revealed that the sources influencing the alterations in the trajectory of micro-storms demonstrated Spatial adaptation to playas, wetlands, and end basins in general. In essence, there were discernible Changes in the frequency of dust entry patterns in Tehran and these Changes could not be solely attributed to their connection with the input sources. Instead, it appeared that the micro-particle movement system was striving to establish a more deeply organized structure independent of Changes in its origin and destination. Rather, the entry of fine particles into this movement system had undergone modifications during their transit within the system. Consequently, alterations were being introduced to the initial conditions within the system governing dust entry into Tehran from its feeding sources. Although the dimensions of these sources were relatively small compared to the original source, they could significantly impact the trajectory of fine particles. Laboratory studies on the samples from Tehran's sediment traps, as well as sand mines, Alikhan Dam, Hoze Soltan and Mighan lakes, and the desert lands around Qazvin Plain, underscored their role in contributing to fine dust in Tehran.

Researches in housing sector show that the effect of various economic factors on housing prices might be different in separate areas of a country and housing prices in different regions of the country have internal connections with each other. Modelling of these effects is done in the form of Spatial Econometrics. In this study, data related to 28 provinces of Iran during the period 2000 -2013 is used to estimate and compare the dynamic Spatial SDM panel models with Spatial SDM panel models and also to estimate the direct and indirect effects (space overflows) related to the explanatory variables in both the short and long term by using population Spatial weight matrix in Matlab software. In order to choose the best Spatial pattern consistent with the theoretical model of housing price determination, we have used Elhorst methodology and at every step, Likelihood ratio test (LR) and Lagrange multipliers tests (LM) are used to compare the Spatial patterns. We found out that dynamic Spatial model shows the best specification. By comparing the results of the dynamic Spatial panel models, lagged housing price variable and Spatial effects of this variable have a significant role in determining house prices. The results also show that only the Spatial effects of household spending variable have a significant effect on housing prices and other variables such as land price, construction costs, rental housing prices, have significant effect on housing prices in the provinces of Iran both directly and in the form of space overflow effects.

A B S T R A C TThe right to the city in urban development goes beyond the physical form and, at the same time, has a mental and social meaning, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. Based on descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to Spatially analyze the components of right to the city in Bandar Abbas. Therefore, after collecting 77 subjective and objective measures around the research components, the multi-criteria decision-making technique of COPRAS has been exploited to integrate the data in the ArcMap Tools. The findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, the right to ownership, the right to participation and the right to difference for the residents have been weakened and ignored. A share of up to 20.7% of the city space, which is mainly directed to the wealthy neighborhoods and parts of the central areas of the city, as well as parts of new developments, the right to the city has been more manifested, and in about 19.8% of the city spaces. Mainly applicable to informal settlements and slums of the city, this right has been undermined and ignoredExtended AbstractIntroductionThe right to the city as a physical, mental and social concept seeks a fundamental change in dealing with urban planning and development issues, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. In other words, this theory is a call for the priority of the consumption value of the city against its exchange value, which can only be pursued through the analysis of urban issues in the framework of the "city space" metaphor in the right to the city. It is a fundamental change in the city to create opportunities and space for citizens to meet and achieve their needs. MethodologyFrom a descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to Spatially analyze the explanatory components of urban development in Bandar Abbas from the perspective of the right to the city. In this research, by collecting 77 subjective and objective measures, the COPRAS multi-criteria decision-making technique has been used to integrate data in the ArcMap environment. Citizens are the source of mental data, official documents and maps are the objective data, and experts are the relative weight of the criteria. It should be mentioned that to guarantee the validity of the content based on the guidance of supervisors and advisors, the collective opinion of university experts and the use of similar studies were exerted. The reliability of the questionnaire was also tested by Cronbach's alpha method, and the value of the alpha coefficient (0.866) indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire. Results and discussionThe findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, including the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference for the residents, has been weakened and ignored. A review of the findings shows that the social function of the city's real estate and land, with a coefficient of 0.136, followed by environmental justice, with a coefficient of 0.131, has the greatest impact on the urban development of Bandar Abbas. On the other hand, socio-Spatial justice in the process of taking over space, with a coefficient of 0.106, shows the lowest level of influence in the development of Bandar Abbas compared to other components of the right to the city. The results show that about 20% of the area of Bandar Abbas city is in a very unfavorable situation compared to the components of urban development based on the right to the city approach. These areas of the city are spaces where the residents' right to the city has been severely denied, and they are deprived of taking over the city space.In this regard, the results show that 20.7% of the city's space, mainly focused on wealthy neighborhoods, parts of the city's central areas, and parts of Mehr's housing, has the right to a greater manifestation of the city. The city's space is more in line with its residents. As shown in the Spatial distribution of the urban development components of Bandar Abbas based on the right to the city approach, the possession of space through the right to presence, the accessibility of residents to the opportunities and resources of the city, as well as the fair distribution of facilities and services play a decisive role in urban development. However, as the results show, it is the difference that gives meaning to the urban space, and therefore the space must provide the conditions for the city to play a role in meeting the needs of all city groups. The requirement of this role is the central position of the residents in making decisions about the city space, which is a unique way to realize the right to the city. ConclusionAs Brenner states, the right to the city is a call to create "cities for people, not for profit." In this definition, urban development is more than a physical thing and has a mental and social dimension at the same time. In terms of the right to the city, the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference form the trinity of urban development and the guiding light of these three principles that determine the quality of a different city. Unfortunately, urban development in Bandar Abbas has weakened and denied residents' rights. The zoning resulting from the Spatial analysis shows that about 19.8% of the city's spaces, which mainly correspond to informal settlements and poor neighborhoods, this right has been weakened and ignored. From the theoretical aspect of the right to the city, this event originates from the space as an economic and physical thing exchanged in the market, not a consumption thing formed by the citizens and in social interaction with the space. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The use of land without considering landscape topography and climate of the region, can lead to disastrous consequences, such as erosion, desertification and environmental degradation. The present study aimed to investigate the landscape Spatial pattern Changes using ecological metrics in Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province between 1997 and 2011. After providing the land cover maps in four categories of residential, forest, rangeland, and agriculture, ecological metrics at the class level including class area, edge density, largest patch index, patch density and number of patches were analyzed. The results showed that according to the class area metric in the studied period, the rangeland area decreased compared to the other three land uses. The edge density metric for the four land uses increased, which means increase in the fragmentation of these land uses. According to the largest patch metric, the rangeland has been significantly reduced, indicating the fragmentation of this land use. The patch density metric has increased for all land uses, which is higher for rangeland. Also, the amount of the number of patches metric increased for four land uses, which is more evident for rangeland. In general, based on the findings of this study, rangeland had the highest degree of degradation and fragmentation during the studied period.

Geographical space is a device that forms the logic of the arrangement of formal patterns, processes and the function of social herdings in space. Changes in space over time are the result of various processes and trends governing it. In this regard, this research tries to evaluate and analyze the Spatial Changes of Sirjan Basin. For this purpose, the basin method and Spatial analysis techniques were used. The results of the research show that the rainfall in the last Quaternary was 17 mm in the central parts of the basin and almost 300 mm in the high altitudes. This amount of change in humidity and ambient temperature has caused a fundamental change in the morphogenic system of the region. Currently, there is no active glacier system in the region. Also, the temperature conditions of this basin have increased from -3.6 to 0.86 degrees Celsius. The maximum temperature of the basin has changed from 16.46 in the cooling phase to 17.64 in the present time. Of course So that the highest temperature difference was related to the highest part of the basin and the lowest difference was related to the lowest point of the basin. Tracing the alluvial terraces of the old lake of Sirjan shows 4 terraces around the lake. As the highest terrace was identified at a height of 1719 meters, according to this, the water volume of Sirjan's old lake during the glacial period was 80400 m³.

Environmental pollution by various pollutants is one of the most important problems of this century. At least 20 elements, including chromium have been classified in toxic metals group, that half of them are released in the environment in excessive amounts of standards. Chromium is a toxic pollutant that is widely spread in the environment and exists in cement and concrete. The aim of this study is measurement of chromium concentrations in samples of surface soil area around and inside the cement plant. 26 random samples were collected and analyzed from the inner yard of cement plant and 29 samples from different directions and radii in the range from 520-3150 m around the plant with considering topography limitations, AC/AQ techniques and sampling size number. Soil samples were prepared for flame AAS analyzing by International Standard method (ISO 11466). The chromium concentration in soil samples around the plant is 29.06±3.53 mg/kg and inside the plant samples is 42.11±11.08 mg/kg that these values are lower than the standard set for chromium (100 mg/kg). Contamination levels were estimated based on the Igeo. The indices showed a level of contamination of the metal chromium is uncontaminated to moderately contaminated. ANOVA test results showed Cr concentration difference between inside and outside the factory was significant (p value = 0.05). This factory in terms of trace element chromium is not a pollutant.

In this research, for analysis the Spatial- temporal Changes of precipitation in Iran, the monthly data of GPCC data base in the Spatial resolution of 0.5°´0.5° during 40 years period (1974- 2013) have been used. In order to analyze the Spatial character of precipitation, the mean of annual, seasonal and monthly amounts of precipitation were prepared and then by applying IDW method in GIS, 17 average maps were produced. To examine the temporal trend of precipitation, first 17 graphs were prepared using the weighted amount of precipitation and then the trend was evaluated using Mann-Kendall nonparametric test at 0.95 level of significance. The results from this study indicated that the pixel based precipitation amount is 255.22 mm. the max of precipitation is located on the west shores of the Caspian sea and the highlands of Zagros and the min of precipitation is generally seen at the central, eastern and south-eastern extents of the country. The amount of precipitation is reduced by crossing from north, north-west and west toward central, eastern and southern regions. The winter and summer amounts of precipitation is 79.6 and 11.5 mm and these two seasons are regarded to be the wettest and driest seasons respectively. The max of winter precipitation is seen on the western shores and the peaks of Zagros Mountains while the min precipitation in this season is on the central, eastern and southern areas of the country. The analysis of monthly precipitation maps of the country revealed two temporal groups of precipitation: The months of November, December, February, March and April with the mean precipitation of 23.3 mm are considered the wettest months and the months of May, June, July, August, September and October are the driest months in the country. The examination of annual amounts of precipitation indicated a significant downward trend at 0.95 level of significance. From 1992 to 2013 it has been a decreasing trend in annual amount of precipitation in Iran. Only in winter there has been a significant downward trend and in none of the other seasons no meaningful trend was detected. The analysis of precipitation revealed no significant trend on monthly time series at the 0.95 level of significance.

IntroductionUrban green networks, referred to as green infrastructure, constitute a significant component of urban ecology. They provide numerous key ecosystem services and enhance urban resilience to climate change. When properly designed, urban green infrastructures can aid in disaster risk management, enhance biodiversity conservation, and serve as economic assets. These infrastructures contribute to economic growth by increasing land and property values and supporting food production. Moreover, the physical and psychological benefits of urban green infrastructure translate into substantial economic advantages for the population.The city of Zanjan is no exception to this trend and has even been more adversely affected compared to other major cities in the country. In recent decades, Zanjan's rapid urban development has led to the conversion of agricultural lands and surrounding green spaces into gray urban infrastructures such as roads, parking lots, buildings, and other non-green land uses. This land transformation and change in usage have resulted in a significant reduction of green open spaces, posing current challenges and threatening the city's future. This study aims to explore the critical role of urban green infrastructure in enhancing the sustainability and resilience of Zanjan. It emphasizes the urgent need for strategic planning to address the ecological, economic, and social challenges stemming from the city's unbalanced development. Furthermore, the research highlights the importance of preserving and integrating green spaces into urban development plans to ensure a sustainable and livable urban environment for Zanjan's residents. Materials and MethodsResearch is a systematic activity aimed at discovering and developing a body of organized knowledge, carried out to solve existing problems or contribute to human knowledge in a specific field. Since the present study seeks to develop practical knowledge in the field of geography and urban planning, it falls under the category of applied research. The purpose of applied research is to find practical and effective solutions to real-world problems and improve processes and technologies in practical domains. In this study, various methods, techniques, and data analysis tools were employed to examine the Spatial patterns of urban green infrastructure and its Changes over time. Initially, Landsat satellite images for specific time periods (in ten-year intervals) were downloaded for the study area. The images were cropped to the boundaries of the study area, and land use maps were prepared using classification algorithms, specifically the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, in remote sensing software (ENVI). Subsequently, Spatial statistical tools and the Moran’s I Spatial autocorrelation index were utilized in GIS software to determine the Spatial patterns of green infrastructure (clustered, random, or dispersed) and their Changes. Recognizing the impact of urban growth on Changes in urban green infrastructure, the stages of city growth and development were also analyzed in parallel with the Spatial analyses. Land use and land cover maps were extracted from the processed images. In the next phase, Spatial data analyses were conducted to identify and investigate urban growth patterns (including infill development, edge development, and leapfrog development) over specific time periods. Changes in green infrastructure within the study area were then assessed using vegetation indices. Finally, the Spatial effects of urban growth on green infrastructure were evaluated using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) methods. FindingsThe satellite images of Zanjan city were cropped to the study area to prepare land use maps in subsequent steps. The analysis highlighted the importance of using band combinations of satellite imagery for identifying specific zones within the region. For example, built-up areas were identified using the 7, 5, and 3 band combination, while green areas were detected using the 4, 3, and 2 combination. These techniques facilitated precise differentiation and identification of various zones, enhancing the understanding of the study area and its urban infrastructure.The analysis revealed significant Changes in land use over the years. The built-up area expanded from 2,697.39 hectares in 1993 to 5,725.35 hectares in 2023, indicating substantial urban growth. Similarly, the green spaces increased from 2,167.02 hectares in 1993 to 6,071.22 hectares in 2023, reflecting a growing focus on environmental concerns. Conversely, other land uses decreased from 12,989.34 hectares in 1993 to 6,057.18 hectares in 2023, demonstrating a shift in land use patterns. The vegetation coverage index, ranging between -1 and 1, was also analyzed. Negative values (close to -1) correspond to water bodies, while values near zero (-0.1 to 0.1) typically represent barren areas such as rock, sand, or snow. Low positive values (approximately 0.2 to 0.4) indicate shrublands and grasslands, whereas high values (close to 1) signify temperate and tropical rainforests. This comprehensive analysis provided a detailed understanding of the Spatial and temporal Changes in Zanjan’s urban and green infrastructure, offering insights into the city’s development trends and their environmental implications. Discussion and ConclusionTo analyze the impact of urban growth and development on green infrastructure, Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated between Changes in construction and green infrastructure. The results demonstrated a negative correlation, indicating that the expansion of built-up areas has coincided with a reduction in urban vegetation cover. Land use maps across different periods revealed a significant increase in the extent of built-up areas. Although green zones have also expanded, their growth has been comparatively slower, highlighting the adverse effects of urban development on green infrastructure.These findings suggest that urban growth directly contributes to the decline of green infrastructure. Similarly, Villanova et al. (2024) reported analogous outcomes in their study of Madrid, showing that substantial advancements in the city's green belt planning primarily impacted larger scales, with minimal effects on the urban core.New urban development initiatives and environmental transformations, although contributing to the growth of green zones, have been insufficient in preventing the overall decline of green infrastructure. This underscores the need for more comprehensive and sustainable urban planning approaches that prioritize the preservation and enhancement of green infrastructure alongside urban development. Policies should aim to promote green infrastructure, prevent its destruction, and foster positive interactions between urban development and environmental preservation. Wojciechic et al. (2024) also emphasized the importance of improving stakeholder coordination, enhancing public participation, and increasing transparency in the regulatory process to support green infrastructure development.Overall, the study’s findings indicate that while Zanjan city has experienced an increase in green areas during the study period, the rapid urban expansion has imposed significant negative impacts on its green infrastructure. To address these challenges, it is imperative to develop sustainable urban development policies and plans that strike a balance between urban growth and environmental conservation. Future planning should ensure that city development is accompanied by the preservation and enhancement of green infrastructure, thereby improving citizens' quality of life and ensuring environmental sustainability.